Report Description

Forecast Period

2025-2029

Market Size (2023)

USD 337.91 million

Market Size (2029)

USD 565.12 million

CAGR (2024-2029)

9.02%

Fastest Growing Segment

Platforms

Largest Market

Central Region North Spain


Market Overview

Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market was valued at USD 337.91 million in 2023 and is anticipated to project impressive growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 9.02% through 2029. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a rapidly advancing technology that has transformed genomics and molecular biology research. In Spain, the NGS market has been witnessing significant growth and development. The NGS market in Spain has been steadily growing due to increased demand for high-throughput sequencing in various applications, including clinical diagnostics, research, and personalized medicine. NGS is increasingly being used in clinical settings for diagnosing genetic disorders, cancer profiling, and identifying rare diseases. This has led to an upsurge in the adoption of NGS technologies by healthcare institutions and diagnostic laboratories.

Key Market Drivers

Rising Demand for Clinical Diagnostics

The field of healthcare is constantly evolving, with technological advancements playing a pivotal role in enhancing our understanding of diseases and patient care. One of the transformative technologies driving this evolution is Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). In Spain, NGS has gained prominence, particularly in the realm of clinical diagnostics, as it offers unprecedented insights into genetic disorders, rare diseases, and cancer.

NGS enables a comprehensive analysis of an individual's genetic makeup, uncovering mutations, variants, and disease-causing genes. This depth of genetic insight can be invaluable in diagnosing genetic disorders, predicting disease susceptibility, and identifying rare diseases, which may have previously eluded detection. The era of personalized medicine is dawning, and NGS is at its forefront. By providing clinicians with detailed genetic profiles of patients, NGS allows for the tailoring of treatment plans and medications to match an individual's genetic makeup, resulting in more effective and less invasive therapies. NGS has greatly enhanced our ability to profile cancer at the molecular level. By analyzing the genetic alterations within tumors, oncologists can devise precise and targeted treatment strategies. Spain has witnessed a surge in the use of NGS for cancer genomics, facilitating early detection and individualized treatment options. NGS's high-throughput capabilities and speed make it ideal for early diagnosis and intervention in various diseases. Timely detection of genetic disorders can lead to early treatment, better outcomes, and even prevention in some cases.

The increasing prevalence of chronic and genetic diseases has put immense pressure on the healthcare system. NGS offers a lifeline in dealing with this burden by providing faster, more accurate diagnoses. Ongoing advancements in NGS technology have made it more accessible, affordable, and user-friendly for healthcare institutions. This makes it easier for clinical laboratories to integrate NGS into their diagnostic workflows. Spain's government has shown a commitment to advancing healthcare through genomics. Initiatives and funding have been directed towards research, diagnostic development, and infrastructure, supporting the integration of NGS into clinical practice. Collaboration between healthcare providers, research institutions, and biotech companies is fostering innovation in clinical diagnostics. This collaborative effort has led to the development of standardized diagnostic protocols and enhanced bioinformatics tools, further fueling the growth of NGS in clinical applications.

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Applications

The convergence of genomics and technology has led to transformative advancements in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. Spain, like many other countries, has recognized the potential of genomics in drug discovery, development, and precision medicine. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) stands at the forefront of this revolution, and its applications in pharmaceutical and biotechnology are propelling the growth of Spain's NGS market.

Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in Spain are increasingly turning to NGS for drug discovery and development. The ability to sequence the entire genome of a patient or model organism allows for the identification of genetic variations associated with diseases. This, in turn, assists in pinpointing drug targets and biomarkers for potential therapies.

The concept of pharmacogenomics is gaining ground in Spain, and NGS is a crucial tool in this endeavor. Pharmacogenomics studies the genetic factors that influence an individual's response to drugs. NGS enables the identification of genetic variations that can predict drug responses, adverse effects, and dosages tailored to individual patients. This approach, often referred to as precision medicine, has the potential to improve drug safety and efficacy.

Biomarkers are essential indicators of biological processes or responses to treatments. They play a pivotal role in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring the effectiveness of therapies. NGS facilitates the discovery of novel biomarkers by enabling comprehensive and high-throughput analysis of biological samples. In Spain, this has profound implications for the early detection of diseases and the development of more effective treatments.

NGS technology generates vast amounts of genomic data, providing pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with a wealth of information to develop targeted therapies. In Spain, this approach is becoming increasingly common, especially in cancer treatment, as it allows for the identification of specific genetic mutations driving the disease. This information is then used to develop drugs that precisely target these mutations, resulting in more effective and less toxic treatments.

The Spanish government has shown a commitment to advancing genomics research and applications, providing funding and support for various projects. This support fosters collaboration between academia, industry, and healthcare institutions, driving innovation in the field. Spain boasts a thriving ecosystem of research institutions, universities, and biotech companies. Collaborations between these sectors are leading to groundbreaking discoveries and novel applications of NGS. Ongoing advancements in NGS technology are making it more accessible and cost-effective for pharmaceutical and biotech companies. This encourages greater adoption and integration of NGS into their research and development pipelines. The development of advanced bioinformatics tools and data analysis platforms is critical in handling the vast amounts of genomic data generated by NGS. These tools are making it easier for companies to extract meaningful insights from complex genomic data.

Government Initiatives and Funding

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is transforming genomics, healthcare, and scientific research. In Spain, as in many countries, government initiatives and funding have played a pivotal role in accelerating the growth of the NGS market. These initiatives are aimed at supporting research, fostering innovation, and expanding the use of NGS technology.

The Spanish government has shown a commitment to advancing genomics research. It has launched initiatives that encourage the collaboration of researchers and institutions in genomics-related projects. Such projects often have a focus on understanding disease mechanisms, identifying biomarkers, and improving diagnostics. These collaborative efforts have fostered innovation and expanded the scope of NGS applications in Spain.

Government initiatives in Spain have increasingly focused on using NGS for precision medicine. By investing in research and infrastructure, the government aims to bring genomics-based healthcare to the forefront. The integration of genomics into clinical practice and diagnostics is set to provide more personalized and effective healthcare solutions, improving patient outcomes.

Rare diseases often pose diagnostic challenges due to their limited prevalence and diverse genetic causes. Government initiatives have supported NGS applications in this area, making it easier for healthcare providers to diagnose rare diseases accurately. NGS allows for the identification of rare disease-causing mutations, leading to earlier interventions and improved patient care.

Government funding in the form of research grants has provided a financial boost to academic institutions and research organizations in Spain. These grants support genomics research projects, enabling scientists to conduct experiments, analyze data, and publish findings. This funding has facilitated the integration of NGS into various fields, from agriculture to healthcare.

To keep up with the demand for NGS technology, the government has allocated funds for the development of infrastructure, including state-of-the-art sequencing facilities and bioinformatics resources. This infrastructure is essential for expanding the accessibility of NGS technology and services in Spain.

The government recognizes the importance of a skilled workforce in genomics and NGS technology. As a result, funding has been directed towards education and training programs, supporting the training of scientists, technicians, and clinicians in NGS applications. A well-trained workforce is crucial for the effective use of NGS in research and clinical settings.

Government support has encouraged the expansion of NGS applications across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and biotechnology. This diversification of NGS applications has contributed to the growth of the market as more organizations and industries adopt this technology.

By investing in research, infrastructure, and education, the government has fostered innovation in NGS technology and applications. This has resulted in the development of advanced sequencing platforms, data analysis tools, and bioinformatics solutions. These innovations make NGS more accessible and user-friendly.

Government funding for infrastructure development has increased the accessibility of NGS services in Spain. This has paved the way for the establishment of NGS service providers, offering sequencing services, data analysis, and bioinformatics support to a wider range of customers, including research organizations, healthcare institutions, and biotech companies.

NGS Service Providers

The field of genomics has witnessed a revolution with the advent of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. In Spain, NGS has gained widespread recognition and adoption across various sectors, thanks to the significant role played by NGS service providers. These service providers offer sequencing services, data analysis, and bioinformatics support, making NGS technology accessible and driving the growth of Spain's NGS market.

NGS service providers invest in state-of-the-art sequencing platforms, enabling access to the latest and most advanced NGS technologies. Their capacity to handle large volumes of samples and data allows researchers and organizations in Spain to conduct high-quality sequencing and analysis without the need for substantial capital investment.

NGS is a complex technology that requires expertise in sample preparation, sequencing, and data analysis. Service providers employ experienced professionals who specialize in NGS workflows, ensuring high-quality results. Researchers and institutions can benefit from their expertise, receiving guidance and support throughout the sequencing and data analysis process.

The cost of acquiring and maintaining NGS instruments and the associated infrastructure can be prohibitive for many organizations. NGS service providers offer a cost-effective alternative. By outsourcing sequencing and data analysis services, researchers and institutions can save on capital expenditure, maintenance costs, and training expenses.

NGS service providers offer flexibility and scalability, catering to the diverse needs of their customers. They can adapt to the specific requirements of research projects, offering customized services and accommodating changes in project size and scope.

NGS service providers offer services for a wide range of applications, from genomics research and disease diagnosis to agriculture and environmental studies. Their ability to cater to diverse industries and research areas has broadened the adoption of NGS technology.

Collaboration between NGS service providers, research institutions, biotech companies, and healthcare organizations is fostering innovation and expanding the utilization of NGS in Spain. Partnerships are key drivers of research projects that rely on NGS services.

Service providers have invested in robust infrastructure for sequencing and data analysis, ensuring efficient and secure data management. This infrastructure is essential for handling the vast amounts of genomic data generated by NGS, making it accessible and manageable for researchers.



Download Free Sample Report

Key Market Challenges

Data Management and Analysis

One of the foremost challenges in the NGS market is the management and analysis of the vast amount of data generated by sequencing. NGS technologies produce terabytes of data for each sequencing run, necessitating sophisticated bioinformatics tools and computational infrastructure. Inadequate data management and analysis capabilities can lead to data bottlenecks and hinder the interpretation of genomic information.

Standardization

The lack of standardized protocols for NGS can pose significant challenges. Each NGS platform may have its unique workflows and data formats, making it difficult to compare results across platforms and laboratories. This can impact the reproducibility of research findings and clinical diagnostics.

Cost and Accessibility

The cost of NGS instruments, reagents, and data analysis can be a limiting factor, especially for smaller research organizations and healthcare providers. The initial capital expenditure for setting up an NGS facility can be prohibitive.

Key Market Trends

Clinical Genomics and Precision Medicine

One of the most notable trends in Spain's NGS market is the growing integration of NGS into clinical practice. With the rise of precision medicine, NGS is playing a pivotal role in diagnosing genetic disorders, identifying rare diseases, and personalizing treatment plans based on an individual's genetic profile. The trend is expected to expand further, with a focus on enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of clinical diagnostics.

Population Genomics and Epidemiology

Spain is witnessing an increasing interest in large-scale population genomics and epidemiology studies. These initiatives involve sequencing the genomes of large cohorts to better understand genetic variation, disease susceptibility, and population health. As the cost of NGS continues to decrease, more research organizations and healthcare institutions are likely to embark on such ambitious projects to address public health challenges.

Single-Cell Sequencing

Single-cell sequencing is an emerging trend that allows researchers to delve deeper into the complexities of individual cells, uncovering hidden genetic information. This technology offers new opportunities in cancer research, immunology, and neurobiology, and it is expected to gain prominence in Spain's NGS market. It will enable a more precise understanding of cell heterogeneity and disease mechanisms.

Segmental Insights

Technology Insights

Based on Technology, Sequencing by Synthesis (SBS) is poised to dominate the Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) market in Spain. First and foremost, SBS technology offers unparalleled precision and cost-effectiveness, making it a preferred choice for research, clinical diagnostics, and various applications within the life sciences sector. The scalability and flexibility of SBS allow for a wide range of sequencing projects, from small-scale research endeavors to large-scale genomic studies. Additionally, SBS platforms have continued to evolve, with continuous improvements in read length and data output, ensuring that Spanish researchers and healthcare professionals have access to cutting-edge tools for genetic analysis. As the NGS market in Spain continues to expand, Sequencing by Synthesis is well-positioned to meet the growing demand for high-quality sequencing solutions, driving its dominance in the industry.



Download Free Sample Report

Regional Insights

The Central Region of North Spain is poised to dominate the Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) market in the country. This region boasts a thriving biotechnology and research ecosystem, with a concentration of renowned academic institutions, cutting-edge laboratories, and a skilled workforce. The strategic location and accessibility of Central North Spain make it a hub for collaboration and knowledge exchange within the NGS industry. Likewise, the presence of established healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical companies in the region drives the demand for NGS technology for applications in clinical diagnostics, drug development, and genomics research. As the NGS market in Spain continues to expand, the Central Region of North Spain stands as the epicenter of innovation and opportunity, making it a focal point for NGS-related advancements and market dominance.

Recent Development

  • In February 2024, SOPHiA GENETICS, a cloud-native software company and a pioneer in data-driven medicine, unveiled an expansion of its existing program in Spain aimed at broadening access to local testing for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) across the nation. In conjunction with this announcement, AstraZeneca Spain designated SOPHiA GENETICS as its preferred partner for the deployment of HRD testing throughout Spain. Collaboratively, SOPHiA GENETICS and AstraZeneca are extending the availability of HRD testing to a wider network of laboratories across the country, facilitating in-house HRD detection. This initiative not only assists in identifying HRD-positive tumors but also expedites diagnostics by enhancing the volume and speed of next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing and tumor profiling. Through the deployment of the SOPHiA DDM™ Platform across additional laboratories, the companies aim to expedite diagnostics for patients and support clinicians in precision treatment planning.

Key Market Players

  • Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc
  • Agilent Technologies Spain
  • Perkinelmer Inc.
  • 10x Genomics Inc.
  • AMGEN S.A.

 By Product

By Technology

By End User

By Application

By Region

  • Consumables
  • Platforms
  • Services
  • Sequencing by Synthesis
  • Ion Semiconductor Sequencing
  • Sequencing by Ligation
  • Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing
  • Others
  • Academic & Clinical Research Centers
  • Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
  • Hospitals & Clinics
  • Others
  • Biomarkers & Cancer
  • Diagnostics
  • Reproductive Health
  • Personalized Medicine
  • Agriculture & Animal Research
  • Others
  • Central Region North Spain
  • Aragon & Catalonia
  • Andalusia, Murcia & Valencia
  • Madrid, Extremadura & Castilla


Report Scope:

In this report, the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

  • Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market, By Product:

o   Consumables

§  Sample preparation consumables

§  Other Consumables

o   Platforms

§  HiSeq series

§  MiSeq series

§  ION Torrent

§  SOLiD,

§  Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system

§  Other Sequencing Platforms

o   Services

§  Sequencing Services

§  Data management services

  • Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market, By Technology:

o   Sequencing by Synthesis

o   Ion Semiconductor Sequencing

o   Sequencing by Ligation

o   Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing

o   Others

  • Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market, By End User:

o   Academic & Clinical Research Centers

o   Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies

o   Hospitals & Clinics

o   Others

  • Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market, By Application:

o   Biomarkers & Cancer

o   Diagnostics

o   Reproductive Health

o   Personalized Medicine

o   Agriculture & Animal Research

o   Others

  • Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market, By Region:

o   Central Region North Spain

o   Aragon & Catalonia

o   Andalusia, Murcia & Valencia

o   Madrid, Extremadura & Castilla

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market.

Available Customizations:

Spain Next-Generation Sequencing market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market is an upcoming report to be released soon. If you wish an early delivery of this report or want to confirm the date of release, please contact us at [email protected]              

Table of content

1.    Product Overview

1.1.  Market Definition

1.2.  Scope of the Market

1.2.1.     Markets Covered

1.2.2.     Years Considered for Study

1.2.3.     Key Market Segmentations

2.    Research Methodology

2.1.  Objective of the Study

2.2.  Baseline Methodology

2.3.  Key Industry Partners

2.4.  Major Association and Secondary Sources

2.5.  Forecasting Methodology

2.6.  Data Triangulation & Validation

2.7.  Assumptions and Limitations

3.    Executive Summary

3.1.  Overview of the Market

3.2.  Overview of Key Market Segmentations

3.3.  Overview of Key Market Players

3.4.  Overview of Key Regions/Countries

3.5.  Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4.    Voice of Customer

5.    Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market Outlook

5.1.  Market Size & Forecast

5.1.1.     By Value

5.2.  Market Share & Forecast

5.2.1.     By Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services)

5.2.1.1.         By Consumables (Sample preparation consumables, Other Consumables)

5.2.1.2.         By Platforms (HiSeq series, MiSeq series, ION Torrent, SOLiD, Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system, Other Sequencing Platforms)

5.2.1.3.         By Services (Sequencing Services, Data management services)

5.2.2.     By Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Sequencing by Ligation, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Others)

5.2.3.     By End User (Academic & Clinical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics and Others)

5.2.4.     By Application (Biomarkers & Cancer, Diagnostics, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others)

5.2.5.     By Region

5.2.6.     By Company (2023)

5.3.  Market Map

5.3.1. By Product

5.3.2. By Technology

5.3.3. By End User

5.3.4. By Application

5.3.5. By Region

6.    Central Region North Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market Outlook

6.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

6.1.1.     By Value

6.2.  Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1.     By Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services)

6.2.1.1.         By Consumables (Sample preparation consumables, Other Consumables)

6.2.1.2.         By Platforms (HiSeq series, MiSeq series, ION Torrent, SOLiD, Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system, Other Sequencing Platforms)

6.2.1.3.         By Services (Sequencing Services, Data management services)

6.2.2.     By Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Sequencing by Ligation, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Others)

6.2.3.     By End User (Academic & Clinical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics and Others)

6.2.4.     By Application (Biomarkers & Cancer, Diagnostics, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others)

7.    Aragon & Catalonia Next-Generation Sequencing Market Outlook

7.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

7.1.1.     By Value

7.2.  Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.     By Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services)

7.2.1.1.         By Consumables (Sample preparation consumables, Other Consumables)

7.2.1.2.         By Platforms (HiSeq series, MiSeq series, ION Torrent, SOLiD, Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system, Other Sequencing Platforms)

7.2.1.3.         By Services (Sequencing Services, Data management services)

7.2.2.     By Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Sequencing by Ligation, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Others)

7.2.3.     By End User (Academic & Clinical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics and Others)

7.2.4.     By Application (Biomarkers & Cancer, Diagnostics, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others)

8.    Andalusia, Murcia & Valencia Next-Generation Sequencing Market Outlook

8.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

8.1.1.     By Value

8.2.  Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1.     By Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services)

8.2.1.1.         By Consumables (Sample preparation consumables, Other Consumables)

8.2.1.2.         By Platforms (HiSeq series, MiSeq series, ION Torrent, SOLiD, Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system, Other Sequencing Platforms)

8.2.1.3.         By Services (Sequencing Services, Data management services)

8.2.2.     By Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Sequencing by Ligation, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Others)

8.2.3.     By End User (Academic & Clinical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics and Others)

8.2.4.     By Application (Biomarkers & Cancer, Diagnostics, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others)

9.    Madrid, Extremadura & Castilla Next-Generation Sequencing Market Outlook

9.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

9.1.1.     By Value

9.2.  Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1.     By Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services)

9.2.1.1.         By Consumables (Sample preparation consumables, Other Consumables)

9.2.1.2.         By Platforms (HiSeq series, MiSeq series, ION Torrent, SOLiD, Pacbio Rs II and Sequel system, Other Sequencing Platforms)

9.2.1.3.         By Services (Sequencing Services, Data management services)

9.2.2.     By Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Sequencing by Ligation, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing and Others)

9.2.3.     By End User (Academic & Clinical Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics and Others)

9.2.4.     By Application (Biomarkers & Cancer, Diagnostics, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others)

10.  Market Dynamics

10.1.              Drivers

10.2.              Challenges

11.  Market Trends & Developments

11.1.              Recent Developments

11.2.              Mergers & Acquisitions

11.3.              Product Launches

12.  Policy & Regulatory Landscape

13.  Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

13.1.              Competition in the Industry

13.2.              Potential of New Entrants

13.3.              Power of Suppliers

13.4.              Power of Customers

13.5.              Threat of Substitute Products

14.  Spain Economic Profile

15.  Competitive Landscape

15.1.    Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc

            15.1.1.              Business Overview

            15.1.2.              Product Offerings

            15.1.3.              Recent Developments

            15.1.4.              Financials (As Reported)

            15.1.5.              Key Personnel

            15.1.6.              SWOT Analysis

15.2.    Agilent Technologies Spain

15.3.    Perkinelmer Inc.

15.4.    10x Genomics Inc.

15.5.    AMGEN S.A.

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer

Figures and Tables

Frequently asked questions

down-arrow

The market size of the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market was estimated to be USD 337.91 million in 2023.

down-arrow

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc, Agilent Technologies Spain, Perkinelmer Inc., 10x Genomics Inc., AMGEN S.A. were some of the key players operating in the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market.

down-arrow

Data management and analysis, standardization, cost and accessibility, are some of the major challenges faced by the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market in the upcoming years.

down-arrow

Rising demand for clinical diagnostics and pharmaceutical and biotechnology applications are the major drivers for the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market.

profile

Sakshi Bajaal

Business Consultant
Press Release

Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market to Grow with a CAGR of 9.02% through 2029

Jun, 2024

Clinical diagnostics, research initiatives, and pharmaceutical applications are expected to drive the Spain Next-Generation Sequencing Market growth in the forecast period, 2025-2029.