1. Product Overview
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for
Study
1.2.3. Key Market
Segmentations
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Applications
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
3.1. Overview of the
Market
3.2. Overview of Key
Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key
Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key
Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market
Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. Impact of COVID-19
on Global Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market
5. Voice of Customers
5.1. Factors Affecting
Purchase Decision
5.2. Brand Awareness
5.3. Sources of
Information
5.4. Product Preferences
5.5. Trends and
Innovation
6.
Global Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market
Outlook
6.1. Market Size &
Forecast
6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share &
Forecast
6.2.1. By Device Type (IVD Devices, Diagnostic Imaging Devices,
Cardiovascular Devices, Orthopedic Devices, Surgical Devices, Dental Devices,
Diabetes Care Devices, Drug Delivery Devices, Ophthalmology Devices,
Ophthalmology Devices, Endoscopy and Laparoscopy Devices, Respiratory Care
Devices, Neurology Devices, Patient Monitoring Devices, Patient Assistive and
Monitoring Devices, 0thers)
6.2.2. By Class of Devices (Class II, Class I, Class III)
6.2.3. By Services (Device Development & Services, Packaging
and Assembly Devices, Quality Management Services)
6.2.4. By Region
6.2.5. By Company (2022)
6.3. Market Map (By
Device Type, By Class of Devices, By Services, By Region)
7.
Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market
Outlook
7.1. Market Size &
Forecast
7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share &
Forecast
7.2.1.
By Device Type
7.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.2.3. By Services
7.2.4. By Country
7.3. Asia Pacific:
Country Analysis
7.3.1. China Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
7.3.1.1.
Market Size & Forecast
7.3.1.1.1.
By Value
7.3.1.2.
Market Share & Forecast
7.3.1.2.1.
By Device Type
7.3.1.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.3.1.2.3.
By Services
7.3.2. India Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
7.3.2.1.
Market Size & Forecast
7.3.2.1.1.
By Value
7.3.2.2.
Market Share & Forecast
7.3.2.2.1.
By Device Type
7.3.2.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.3.2.2.3.
By Services
7.3.3. Australia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
7.3.3.1.
Market Size & Forecast
7.3.3.1.1.
By Value
7.3.3.2.
Market Share & Forecast
7.3.3.2.1.
By Device Type
7.3.3.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.3.3.2.3.
By Services
7.3.4. Japan Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
7.3.4.1.
Market Size & Forecast
7.3.4.1.1.
By Value
7.3.4.2.
Market Share & Forecast
7.3.4.2.1.
By Device Type
7.3.4.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.3.4.2.3.
By Services
7.3.5. South Korea Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
7.3.5.1.
Market Size & Forecast
7.3.5.1.1.
By Value
7.3.5.2.
Market Share & Forecast
7.3.5.2.1.
By Device Type
7.3.5.2.2.
By Class of Devices
7.3.5.2.3.
By Services
8.
Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market
Outlook
8.1. Market Size &
Forecast
8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share &
Forecast
8.2.1. By Device Type
8.2.2. By Class of Devices
8.2.3. By Services
8.2.4. By Country
8.3. Europe: Country
Analysis
8.3.1. France Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
8.3.1.1.
Market Size & Forecast
8.3.1.1.1.
By Value
8.3.1.2.
Market Share & Forecast
8.3.1.2.1.
By Device Type
8.3.1.2.2.
By Class of Devices
8.3.1.2.3.
By Services
8.3.2. Germany Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
8.3.2.1.
Market Size & Forecast
8.3.2.1.1.
By Value
8.3.2.2.
Market Share & Forecast
8.3.2.2.1.
By Device Type
8.3.2.2.2.
By Class of Devices
8.3.2.2.3.
By Services
8.3.3. Spain Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
8.3.3.1.
Market Size & Forecast
8.3.3.1.1.
By Value
8.3.3.2.
Market Share & Forecast
8.3.3.2.1.
By Device Type
8.3.3.2.2.
By Class of Devices
8.3.3.2.3.
By Services
8.3.4. Italy Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
8.3.4.1.
Market Size & Forecast
8.3.4.1.1.
By Value
8.3.4.2.
Market Share & Forecast
8.3.4.2.1.
By Device Type
8.3.4.2.2.
By Class of Devices
8.3.4.2.3.
By Services
8.3.5. United Kingdom
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
8.3.5.1.
Market Size & Forecast
8.3.5.1.1.
By Value
8.3.5.2.
Market Share & Forecast
8.3.5.2.1.
By Device Type
8.3.5.2.2.
By Class of Devices
8.3.5.2.3.
By Services
9.
North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing
Market Outlook
9.1. Market Size &
Forecast
9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share &
Forecast
9.2.1. By Device Type
9.2.2. By Class of Devices
9.2.3. By Services
9.2.4. By Country
9.3. North America:
Country Analysis
9.3.1. United States
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
9.3.1.1.
Market Size & Forecast
9.3.1.1.1.
By Value
9.3.1.2.
Market Share & Forecast
9.3.1.2.1.
By Device Type
9.3.1.2.2.
By Class of Devices
9.3.1.2.3.
By Services
9.3.2. Mexico Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
9.3.2.1.
Market Size & Forecast
9.3.2.1.1.
By Value
9.3.2.2.
Market Share & Forecast
9.3.2.2.1.
By Device Type
9.3.2.2.2.
By Class of Devices
9.3.2.2.3.
By Services
9.3.3. Canada Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
9.3.3.1.
Market Size & Forecast
9.3.3.1.1.
By Value
9.3.3.2.
Market Share & Forecast
9.3.3.2.1.
By Device Type
9.3.3.2.2.
By Class of Devices
9.3.3.2.3.
By Services
10.
South America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing
Market Outlook
10.1.
Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value
10.2.
Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Device Type
10.2.2. By Class of Devices
10.2.3. By Services
10.2.4. By Country
10.3.
South America: Country Analysis
10.3.1. Brazil Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.1.1.1.
By Value
10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.1.2.1.
By Device Type
10.3.1.2.2.
By Class of Devices
10.3.1.2.3.
By Services
10.3.2. Argentina Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.2.1.1.
By Value
10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.2.2.1.
By Device Type
10.3.2.2.2.
By Class of Devices
10.3.2.2.3.
By Services
10.3.3. Colombia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.3.1.1.
By Value
10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.3.2.1.
By Device Type
10.3.3.2.2.
By Class of Devices
10.3.3.2.3.
By Services
11.
Middle East and Africa Medical Device Contract
Manufacturing Market Outlook
11.1.
Market Size & Forecast
11.1.1. By Value
11.2.
Market Share & Forecast
11.2.1. By Device Type
11.2.2. By Class of Devices
11.2.3. By Services
11.2.4. By Country
11.3.
MEA: Country Analysis
11.3.1. South Africa Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.1.1.1.
By Value
11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.1.2.1.
By Device Type
11.3.1.2.2.
By Class of Devices
11.3.1.2.3.
By Services
11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.2.1.1.
By Value
11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.2.2.1.
By Device Type
11.3.2.2.2.
By Class of Devices
11.3.2.2.3.
By Services
11.3.3. UAE Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Outlook
11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.3.1.1.
By Value
11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.3.2.1.
By Device Type
11.3.3.2.2.
By Class of Devices
11.3.3.2.3.
By Services
12. Market Dynamics
12.1.
Drivers
12.2.
Challenges
13. Market Trends &
Developments
13.1.
Recent Developments
13.2.
Product Launches
13.3.
Mergers & Acquisitions
14. Global Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market: SWOT Analysis
15.
Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
15.1.
Competition in the Industry
15.2.
Potential of New Entrants
15.3.
Power of Suppliers
15.4.
Power of Customers
15.5.
Threat of Substitute Product
16. Competitive
Landscape
16.1.
Flex, Ltd.
16.1.1. Business Overview
16.1.2. Company Snapshot
16.1.3. Products &
Services
16.1.4. Financials (As
Reported)
16.1.5. Recent Developments
16.2.
Integer Holdings Corporation
16.3.
Jabil Inc.
16.4.
Synecco Ltd.
16.5.
Invetech Pty Ltd.
16.6.
Gerresheimer AG
16.7.
Sanmina Corporation
16.8.
Nipro Corporation
16.9.
Celestica Industrial LP.
16.10.
Plexus Corp.
16.11.
Benchmark Electronic Inc.
16.12.
TE Connectivity Ltd.
16.13.
Nortech Systems Inc.
16.14.
Eurofins Scientific
16.15.
Kimbal Electronics Group,
Inc.
17. Strategic Recommendations
18. About Us & Disclaimer
Figure
1: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
2: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
3: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
4: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
5: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Region, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
6: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Company, By Value, 2022
Figure
7: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Map, By Device Type, Market Size (USD Billion)
& Growth Rate (%), 2022
Figure
8: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Map, By Class of Devices, Market Size (USD
Billion) & Growth Rate (%), 2022
Figure
9: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Map, By Services, Market Size (USD Billion) &
Growth Rate (%), 2022
Figure
10: Global Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Map, By Region, Market Size (USD Billion) &
Growth Rate (%), 2022
Figure
11: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
12: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
13: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class
of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
14: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
15: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Country, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
16: China Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
17: China Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
18: China Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
19: China Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
20: India Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
21: Asia Pacific Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
22: India Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Device, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
23: India Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
24: Japan Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
25: Japan Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
26: Japan Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
27: Japan Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
28: South Korea Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
29: South Korea Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
30: South Korea Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
31: South Korea Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
32: Australia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
33: Australia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
34: Australia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
35: Australia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
36: North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
37: North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
38: North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class
of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
39: North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
40: North America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Country, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
41: United States Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
42: United States Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device
Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
43: United States Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class
of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
44: United States Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By
Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
45: Canada Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
46: Canada Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
47: Canada Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
48: Canada Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
49: Mexico Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
50: Mexico Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
51: Mexico Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
52: Mexico Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
53: Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
54: Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
55: Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
56: Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
57: Europe Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Country, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
58: Germany Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
59: Germany Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
60: Germany Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of
Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
61: Germany Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
62: France Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
63: France Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type,
By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
64: France Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
65: France Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
66: United Kingdom Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
67: United Kingdom Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
68: United Kingdom Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
69: United Kingdom Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
70: Spain Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
71: Spain Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
72: Spain Medical Device Contract
Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
73: Spain Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
74: Italy Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
75: Italy Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
76: Italy Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
77: Italy Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
78: South America Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
79: South America Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
80: South America Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
81: South America Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
82: South America Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Country, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
83: Brazil Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
84: Brazil Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
85: Brazil Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
86: Brazil Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
87: Argentina Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
88: Argentina Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
89: Argentina Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
90: Argentina Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
91: Colombia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
92: Colombia Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
93: Colombia Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
94: Colombia Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
95: Middle East & Africa Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
96: Middle East & Africa
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
97: Middle East & Africa
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By
Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
98: Middle East & Africa
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
99: Middle East & Africa
Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Country, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
100: South Africa Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
101 South Africa Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
102: South Africa Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
103: South Africa Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
104: Saudi Arabia Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value
(USD Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
105: Saudi Arabia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
106: Saudi Arabia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value,
2018-2028F
Figure
107: Saudi Arabia Medical
Device Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
108: UAE Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
109: UAE Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
110: UAE Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
111: UAE Medical Device Contract
Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
112: Egypt Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
113: Egypt Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
114: Egypt Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
115: Egypt Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
116: Turkey Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Market Size, By Value (USD
Billion), 2018-2028F
Figure
117: Turkey Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Device Type, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure
118: Turkey Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Class of Devices, By Value, 2018-2028F
Figure 119: Turkey Medical Device
Contract Manufacturing Market Share, By Services, By Value, 2018-2028F