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Report Description

Report Description

The global housing loan market is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period owing to the rising standards of living, growing construction activities, and surging demand for housing loans among individuals for home purchase, refinance, home improvement, other purposes such as re-sale, plot purchase, construction, balance transfer, conversion.

An amount of money borrowed from a bank or financial institution to pay for a house is known as a house loan or a home loan. Home loans include payment terms and an interest rate that is either fixed or adjustable. In most cases, people take out a home loan to either purchase a home or apartment, a piece of land on which to build a home, or to renovate, expand, and repair an existing home. The property is mortgaged to provide security for the lender until the loan is repaid. Until the loan and any associated interest are repaid, the bank or other lending institution will hold the title or deed to the property.

Depending on the borrower's needs, interest rates for home loans may be fixed, floating, or partially fixed and partially floating. The governments are even more supportive in such cases as in India, that allows certain tax advantages following Section 80EE of the Income Tax Act where an individual can apply to the home loan and avail taxation rebate. However, only first-time home buyers can claim the income tax deduction for home loan interest.

The COVID-19 pandemic's led limited employment opportunities and decline in income caused the demand for housing, the housing market, and housing loans to fall. Housing finance companies didn't record any sequential growth in the on-book portfolio in Q1 of 2022 due to COVID-19's second wave affecting their disbursements and collection efficiency (CE). During the pandemic, asset quality decreased across all market segments. The construction finance segment was most negatively impacted, thus impacting the loans against property and home loans sector. In contrast to 2021, the demand did, however, slightly increased in 2022. Following the initial COVID-19 wave, the residential housing market experienced a significant recovery. This was primarily due to reduced premiums, developers’ schemes, stamp duty in some states, and low-interest rates. The current inventory level indicates that the market will continue to thrive, and sales will increase.

Rising Presence of Digital Platforms Aiding the Market Growth

In the field of housing finance, digital platforms and banks are becoming more active. MFIs and housing finance companies are increasingly utilizing digital field applications and platforms for credit scoring to enhance customer satisfaction, reach out to new customer segments, increase operational effectiveness, and provide more products. Gardena, an Indonesian fintech platform for peer-to-peer lending specializing in property-related financing, is an example of this business model. The company aims to cater the first-time homebuyers who struggle to accumulate enough money for a down payment. Bringing together builders, brokers, investors, and banks helps them by lowering costs and increasing the accessibility of real estate investments. In the foreseeable future, it is anticipated that this tendency will persist. Moreover, customers’ reliance on a digital platform has increased over the past few years.

Demand for housing is influencing the market growth

The high demand for housing reflected the low-interest rate environment and shifting preferences brought on by the Covid pandemic. Substantial capital and liquidity positions allowed banks to substantially meet this demand by increasing their exposure to mortgage loans. However, the lack of housing investments in prior years, construction limitations, and supply-chain disruptions brought on by the pandemic all contributed to the supply falling short of demand simultaneously.

As a result, housing prices saw rapid growth in many EU nations. Moreover, in comparison to 2020, Serbian banks reported a 40% increase in the volume of housing loans. According to the report, Serbians obtained housing loans totaling more than USD50.74 million in 2021. According to sources at the National Bank of Serbia (NBS) and the Association of Banks of Serbia (UBS), the increase in new apartments, lower down payments, and interest rates are half what they were ten years ago.. At the end of September 2021, Serbians owed approximately USD364.75 million on more than 140,000 housing loans, according to data from UBS. According to UBS data, the real estate market experienced a growth of 27% from the year 2020..

Rising Inflation Are Hindering The Market Growth

The issue of inflation majorly hinders the market of housing loans. As a result, various housing loan providers increased the loan interest rate, further increasing the cost of borrowing. American consumers are suffering, and the housing market is being affected by rising inflation and interest rates. According to the Mortgage Bankers Association, mortgage demand dropped in June 2022 and reached its lowest level since 2000. The fact that the interest rates have nearly doubled since the beginning of the year has significantly reduced buyers' purchasing power. Mortgage applications for home purchases decreased by 7% for the mid-week of July 2022 and were 19% lower than during the same week in 2021. Although buyers have had to deal with high prices all year, their purchasing power has significantly decreased due to rates nearly twice what they were in January 2021.. As a result, this is a significant factor preventing the Housing Loans market from expanding.


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Market Segmentation

The global housing loan market is segmented based on Purpose, End User,  tenure, region, and competitional landscape. Based on Purpose, the market is further fragmented into Home Purchase, Refinance, Home Improvement, Construction, and Others (Re-Sale, etc.). Based on End User, the market is categorized into Employed Individuals, Professionals, Students, Entrepreneur, and Others (Homemaker, Unemployed, Retired, etc.). Based on Tenure, the market is segmented into Less than 5 years, 6-10 years, 11-24 years, and 25-30 years. The market analysis also studies the regional segmentation, divided among North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America.

Company Profiles

Bank of America Corporation, Charles Schwab & Co., Citigroup, Inc., Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited, Goldman Sachs (Marcus), HSBC Group, JPMorgan Chase & Co., LIC Housing Finance Limited, Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo & Co., are among the major market players in the global housing loan market.

Attribute

Details

Base Year

2022

Historical Years

2018 – 2021

Estimated Year

2023

Forecast Period

2024 – 2028

Quantitative Units

Revenue in USD Billion and CAGR for 2018-2022 and 2023-2028

Report Coverage

Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends

Segments Covered

Purpose

End User

Tenure

Region

Company

Regional Scope

North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa and South America

Country Scope

United States; Canada; Mexico; United Kingdom; Germany; France; Italy; Spain; China; India; Japan; South Korea; Australia; UAE; South Africa; Turkey; Saudi Arabia; Brazil; Argentina; Colombia

Key Companies Profiled

Bank of America Corporation, Charles Schwab & Co., Citigroup, Inc., Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited, Goldman Sachs (Marcus), HSBC Group, JPMorgan Chase & Co., LIC Housing Finance Limited, Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo & Co.

Customization Scope

10% free report customization with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope.

Pricing and Purchase Options

Avail of customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options

Delivery Format

PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/pdf format on special request)

 

Report Scope:

In this report, the global housing loan market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

  •  Housing Loan Market, By Purpose:
    • Home Purchase
    • Refinance
    • Home Improvement
    • Construction
    • Others
  • Housing Loan Market, By End User:
    • Employed Individuals
    • Professionals
    • Students
    • Entrepreneur
    • Others
  •  Housing Loan Market, By Tenure :
    • Less than 5 years
    • 6-10 years
    • 11-24 years
    • 25-30 years
  •  Housing Loan Market, By Region:
    • North America
      •  United States
      • Canada
      • Mexico
    • Europe
      • United Kingdom
      • Germany
      • Italy
      • France
      • Spain
    • Asia-Pacific
      • China
      • India
      • Japan
      • South Korea
      • Australia
    • Middle East & Africa
      • UAE
      • South Africa
      • Turkey
      • Saudi Arabia
    • South America
      • Brazil
      • Argentina
      • Colombia

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the global housing loan market.

Available Customizations:

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company’s specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

The Housing Loan Market is an upcoming report to be released soon. If you wish an early delivery of this report or want to confirm the date of release, please contact us at [email protected]

Table of content

Table of content

1.    Introduction

1.1.  Product Overview

1.2.  Key Highlights of the Report

1.3.  Market Coverage

1.4.  Market Segments Covered

1.5.  Research Tenure Considered

2.    Research Methodology

2.1.  Objective of the Study

2.2.  Baseline Methodology

2.3.  Key Industry Partners

2.4.  Major Association and Secondary Sources

2.5.  Forecasting Methodology

2.6.  Data Triangulation & Validation

2.7.  Assumptions and Limitations

3.    Executive Summary         

3.1.  Market Overview

3.2.  Market Forecast

3.3.  Key Regions

3.4.  Key Segments

4.    Voice of Customer Analysis

4.1.  Sample Size Determination

4.2.  Respondent Demographics

4.2.1.     By Gender

4.2.2.     By Age

4.2.3.     By Occupation

4.3.  Brand Awareness

4.4.  Factors Influencing Availing Loan Decision

4.5.  Sources of Information

4.6.  Challenges Faced After Availing Loan

5.    Global Housing Loan Market Outlook

5.1.  Market Size & Forecast

5.1.1.     By Value

5.2.  Market Share & Forecast

5.2.1.     By Purpose Market Share Analysis (Home Purchase, Refinance, Home Improvement, Construction, Others (Re-Sale, etc.))

5.2.2.     By End User Market Share Analysis (Employed Individuals, Professionals, Students, Entrepreneur, Others (Homemaker, Unemployed, Retired, etc.))

5.2.3.     By Tenure Market Share Analysis (Less than 5 years, 6-10 years, 11-24 years, and 25-30 years)

5.2.4.     By Regional Market Share Analysis

5.2.4.1.         North America Market Analysis

5.2.4.2.         Europe Market Analysis

5.2.4.3.         Asia -Pacific Market Analysis

5.2.4.4.         Middle East & Africa Market Analysis

5.2.4.5.         South America Market Analysis

5.2.5.     By Company Market Share Analysis

5.3.  Global Housing Loan Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.1.     By Purpose Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.2.     By End User Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.3.     By Tenure Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.4.     By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6.    North America Housing Loan Market Outlook

6.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

6.1.1.     By Value

6.2.  Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1.     By Purpose Market Share Analysis

6.2.2.     By End User Market Share Analysis

6.2.3.     By Tenure Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.     By Country

6.2.4.1.         United States Housing Loan Market Outlook

6.2.4.1.1.             Market Size & Forecast

6.2.4.1.1.1. By Value

6.2.4.1.2.             Market Share & Forecast

6.2.4.1.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.1.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.1.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.2.         Canada Housing Loan Market Outlook

6.2.4.2.1.             Market Size & Forecast

6.2.4.2.1.1. By Value

6.2.4.2.2.             Market Share & Forecast

6.2.4.2.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.2.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.2.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.3.         Mexico Housing Loan Market Outlook

6.2.4.3.1.             Market Size & Forecast

6.2.4.3.1.1. By Value

6.2.4.3.2.             Market Share & Forecast

6.2.4.3.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.3.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

6.2.4.3.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.    Europe Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

7.1.1.     By Value

7.2.  Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.     By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.2.     By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.3.     By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.     By Country

7.2.4.1.         Germany Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.2.4.1.1.             Market Size & Forecast

7.2.4.1.1.1. By Value

7.2.4.1.2.             Market Share & Forecast

7.2.4.1.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.1.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.1.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.2.         France Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.2.4.2.1.             Market Size & Forecast

7.2.4.2.1.1. By Value

7.2.4.2.2.             Market Share & Forecast

7.2.4.2.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.2.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.2.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.3.         United Kingdom Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.2.4.3.1.             Market Size & Forecast

7.2.4.3.1.1. By Value

7.2.4.3.2.             Market Share & Forecast

7.2.4.3.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.3.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.3.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.4.         Italy Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.2.4.4.1.             Market Size & Forecast

7.2.4.4.1.1. By Value

7.2.4.4.2.             Market Share & Forecast

7.2.4.4.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.4.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.4.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.5.         Spain Housing Loan Market Outlook

7.2.4.5.1.             Market Size & Forecast

7.2.4.5.1.1. By Value

7.2.4.5.2.             Market Share & Forecast

7.2.4.5.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.5.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.5.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.    Asia-Pacific Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

8.1.1.     By Value

8.2.  Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1.     By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.2.     By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.3.     By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.     By Country

8.2.4.1.         China Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.2.4.1.1.             Market Size & Forecast

8.2.4.1.1.1. By Value

8.2.4.1.2.             Market Share & Forecast

8.2.4.1.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.1.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.1.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.2.         India Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.2.4.2.1.             Market Size & Forecast

8.2.4.2.1.1. By Value

8.2.4.2.2.             Market Share & Forecast

8.2.4.2.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.2.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.2.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.3.         Japan Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.2.4.3.1.             Market Size & Forecast

8.2.4.3.1.1. By Value

8.2.4.3.2.             Market Share & Forecast

8.2.4.3.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.3.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.3.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.4.         South Korea Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.2.4.4.1.             Market Size & Forecast

8.2.4.4.1.1. By Value

8.2.4.4.2.             Market Share & Forecast

8.2.4.4.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.4.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.4.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.5.         Australia Housing Loan Market Outlook

8.2.4.5.1.             Market Size & Forecast

8.2.4.5.1.1. By Value

8.2.4.5.2.             Market Share & Forecast

8.2.4.5.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.5.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.5.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

9.    Middle East & Africa Housing Loan Market Outlook

9.1.  Market Size & Forecast          

9.1.1.     By Value

9.2.  Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1.     By Purpose Market Share Analysis

9.2.2.     By End User Market Share Analysis

9.2.3.     By Tenure Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.     By Country

9.2.4.1.         Saudi Arabia Housing Loan Market Outlook

9.2.4.1.1.             Market Size & Forecast

9.2.4.1.1.1. By Value

9.2.4.1.2.             Market Share & Forecast

9.2.4.1.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.1.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.1.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.2.         UAE Housing Loan Market Outlook

9.2.4.2.1.             Market Size & Forecast

9.2.4.2.1.1. By Value

9.2.4.2.2.             Market Share & Forecast

9.2.4.2.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.2.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.2.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.3.         South Africa Housing Loan Market Outlook

9.2.4.3.1.             Market Size & Forecast

9.2.4.3.1.1. By Value

9.2.4.3.2.             Market Share & Forecast

9.2.4.3.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.3.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.3.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.4.         Turkey Housing Loan Market Outlook

9.2.4.4.1.             Market Size & Forecast

9.2.4.4.1.1. By Value

9.2.4.4.2.             Market Share & Forecast

9.2.4.4.2.1. By Purpose Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.4.2.2. By End User Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.4.2.3. By Tenure Market Share Analysis

10.  South America Housing Loan Market Outlook

10.1.              Market Size & Forecast

10.1.1.  By Value

10.2.              Market Share & Forecast

10.2.1.  By Purpose Market Share Analysis

10.2.2.  By End User Market Share Analysis

10.2.3.  By Tenure Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.  By Country

10.2.4.1.      Brazil Housing Loan Market Outlook

10.2.4.1.1.           Market Size & Forecast

10.2.4.1.1.1.               By Value

10.2.4.1.2.           Market Share & Forecast

10.2.4.1.2.1.               By Purpose Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.1.2.2.               By End User Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.1.2.3.               By Tenure Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.2.      Argentina Housing Loan Market Outlook

10.2.4.2.1.           Market Size & Forecast

10.2.4.2.1.1.               By Value

10.2.4.2.2.           Market Share & Forecast

10.2.4.2.2.1.               By Purpose Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.2.2.2.               By End User Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.2.2.3.               By Tenure Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.3.      Colombia Housing Loan Market Outlook

10.2.4.3.1.           Market Size & Forecast

10.2.4.3.1.1.               By Value

10.2.4.3.2.           Market Share & Forecast

10.2.4.3.2.1.               By Purpose Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.3.2.2.               By End User Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.3.2.3.               By Tenure Market Share Analysis

11.  Market Dynamics

11.1.              Drivers

11.1.1.  Increasing preference for household ownership

11.1.2.  Rising construction activities

11.1.3.  Flexible mode of interest rates

11.2.              Challenges

11.2.1.  Impact of Inflation

11.2.2.  Increasing Competition

12.  Impact of COVID-19 on Global Housing Loan Market

12.1.              Impact Assessment Model       

12.1.1.  Key Segments Impacted

12.1.2.  Key Regions Impacted

12.1.3.  Key Countries Impacted

13.  Market Trends & Developments

13.1.              Growing Usage of Technologically advanced tools 

13.2.              Increasing number of Fintech companies

13.3.              Attractive marketing strategies

13.4.              Surging demand for home purchase sector

13.5.              Rising government initiatives

14.  Porter’s Five Forces Model

14.1.              Competitive Landscape

14.2.              Buyer Power

14.3.              Supplier Power

14.4.              Threat of New Entrants

14.5.              Threat of Substitutes

15.  SWOT Analysis

15.1.              Strengths

15.2.              Weaknesses

15.3.              Opportunities

15.4.              Threats

16.  Competitive Landscape

16.1.              Company Profiles

16.1.1.  Bank of America Corporation,

16.1.1.1.      Company Details

16.1.1.2.      Product & Services

16.1.1.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.1.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.1.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.1.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.2.  Charles Schwab & Co.

16.1.2.1.      Company Details

16.1.2.2.      Product & Services

16.1.2.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.2.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.2.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.2.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.3.  Citigroup, Inc.

16.1.3.1.      Company Details

16.1.3.2.      Product & Services

16.1.3.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.3.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.3.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.3.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.4.  Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited

16.1.4.1.      Company Details

16.1.4.2.      Product & Services

16.1.4.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.4.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.4.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.4.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.5.  Goldman Sachs (Marcus)

16.1.5.1.      Company Details

16.1.5.2.      Product & Services

16.1.5.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.5.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.5.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.5.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.6.  Wells Fargo & Co.

16.1.6.1.      Company Details

16.1.6.2.      Product & Services

16.1.6.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.6.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.6.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.6.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.7.  HSBC Group

16.1.7.1.      Company Details

16.1.7.2.      Product & Services

16.1.7.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.7.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.7.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.7.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.8.  JPMorgan Chase & Co.

16.1.8.1.      Company Details

16.1.8.2.      Product & Services

16.1.8.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.8.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.8.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.8.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.9.  LIC Housing Finance Limited

16.1.9.1.      Company Details

16.1.9.2.      Product & Services

16.1.9.3.      Financials (As Reported)

16.1.9.4.      Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.9.5.      Recent Developments

16.1.9.6.      Key Management Personnel

16.1.10.                Morgan Stanley

16.1.10.1.    Company Details

16.1.10.2.    Product & Services

16.1.10.3.    Financials (As Reported)

16.1.10.4.    Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence

16.1.10.5.    Recent Developments

16.1.10.6.    Key Management Personnel

17.  Strategic Recommendations/Action Plan

17.1.              Key Focus Areas

17.2.              Target Regions & Countries

17.3.              Target Purpose

17.4.              Target End User

17.5.               Target Tenure

18.  About Us & Disclaimer

Figures and Tables

Frequently asked questions

Frequently asked questions

A home loan is a secured loan acquired to buy a property by pledging the asset as security. Home loans provide high-value financing with reasonable interest rates and lengthy terms. EMIs are used to pay them back. The borrower receives the title to the property back after repayment.

Bank of America Corporation, Charles Schwab & Co., Citigroup, Inc., Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Limited, Goldman Sachs (Marcus), HSBC Group, JPMorgan Chase & Co., LIC Housing Finance Limited, Morgan Stanley, Wells Fargo & Co., are the certain biggest housing loan offering companies across the globe.

Most lenders demand a down payment of at least 20% of the property's purchase price. Several lenders accept down payments of less than 20% so long as one meets the loan's pre-qualification requirements.

As of now, according to the U.S. Census, housing starts for single-family homes decreased to 18.5% in July compared to July 2021. Due to fewer potential buyers touring homebuilders' models, production is slowing down nationally, negatively impacting inventory.

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