Report Description

Forecast Period

2024-2028

Market Size (2022)

USD 2.67 billion

CAGR (2023-2028)

7.78%

Fastest Growing Segment

Metabolic Disorder

Largest Market

Northern France


Market Overview

France Clinical Nutrition Market has valued at USD 2.67 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to project impressive growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 7.78% through 2028. The clinical nutrition market in France is a dynamic and evolving sector that plays a crucial role in addressing nutritional needs for individuals with specific health conditions. Clinical nutrition involves the development and delivery of specialized nutritional products and services tailored to patients' medical needs. These needs may arise from conditions such as malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic diseases, and other health challenges.

Key Market Drivers

Rising Aging Population

France, like many developed nations, is experiencing a significant demographic shift with a rising aging population. This demographic transformation is not only reshaping societal structures but is also playing a pivotal role in influencing various sectors, including healthcare. One sector that stands to benefit significantly from the aging population is the clinical nutrition market. As the proportion of seniors continues to grow, there are several ways in which this demographic shift can act as a catalyst for the expansion of the clinical nutrition market in France.

With advancing age comes a higher likelihood of facing health challenges, including malnutrition, muscle wasting, and weakened immune systems. The aging population in France presents a growing market for clinical nutrition products specifically designed to address these age-related nutritional needs. Formulations enriched with essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins become crucial in supporting the overall health and well-being of the elderly.

Seniors often require specialized nutritional interventions due to changes in metabolism, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. Clinical nutrition products tailored to address age-specific conditions, such as osteoporosis or cognitive decline, are in high demand. The aging population's need for personalized and targeted nutritional solutions creates a significant market opportunity for companies offering innovative and effective clinical nutrition products.

Malnutrition and frailty are common concerns among the elderly, leading to increased healthcare costs and diminished quality of life. Clinical nutrition plays a crucial role in preventing and managing these issues. Nutrient-dense formulations, including oral nutritional supplements and enteral nutrition, can be prescribed to seniors as a proactive measure to maintain their nutritional status and physical well-being.

The aging population in France is becoming more health-conscious and proactive about aging gracefully. Seniors are increasingly seeking ways to maintain their independence and overall vitality. Clinical nutrition products that promote healthy aging by addressing nutritional deficiencies and supporting immune function are becoming integral to this demographic's approach to maintaining an active and fulfilling lifestyle.

As seniors often prefer to age in place, there is a growing trend towards home healthcare. This shift is advantageous for the clinical nutrition market as it opens up opportunities for the development of convenient and accessible nutritional solutions that can be administered at home. Innovations in enteral nutrition delivery systems, for example, make it easier for aging individuals to receive the necessary nutritional support in the comfort of their homes.

Increasing Incidence of Chronic Diseases

France, like many developed nations, is grappling with a notable increase in the incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. This shift in disease patterns not only poses significant challenges to the healthcare system but also creates new opportunities for growth in sectors focused on providing innovative solutions. The clinical nutrition market, dedicated to addressing the specific nutritional needs of individuals dealing with chronic illnesses, stands to benefit substantially from the increasing prevalence of these health conditions.

The surge in chronic diseases has led to a greater understanding of the intricate relationship between nutrition and health. Clinical nutrition plays a pivotal role in the management of chronic conditions by offering specialized nutritional solutions. These formulations are designed to address the unique dietary requirements of patients, providing targeted support for managing symptoms, improving treatment outcomes, and enhancing overall quality of life.

Patients dealing with chronic diseases often experience nutritional challenges, including malnutrition, weight loss, and altered nutrient absorption. Clinical nutrition products, such as oral nutritional supplements and enteral nutrition, offer a convenient and effective means of providing essential nutrients to patients who may struggle with traditional dietary intake. This creates a growing market for nutritional solutions tailored to support the specific needs of individuals managing chronic illnesses.

Chronic diseases are often associated with co-morbidities that can exacerbate the overall health of the patient. Clinical nutrition interventions can play a preventive and therapeutic role in managing these co-morbidities. For instance, nutritional support can aid in preventing muscle wasting in cancer patients undergoing treatment or managing metabolic complications in individuals with diabetes.

The increasing incidence of chronic diseases has spurred innovation in therapeutic nutrition. Companies are investing in research and development to create advanced clinical nutrition products that go beyond basic nutritional requirements. Formulations enriched with bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and specific nutrients are being developed to address the underlying mechanisms of chronic diseases and provide comprehensive support to patients.

There is a growing recognition of the importance of holistic approaches to healthcare, where nutrition is considered an integral part of the overall treatment plan. Healthcare professionals are incorporating clinical nutrition into comprehensive care strategies for chronic disease management. This shift in healthcare paradigms opens up avenues for the clinical nutrition market to collaborate with healthcare providers and offer integrated solutions.

Increasing Awareness of Nutritional Therapies

In recent years, there has been a remarkable shift in public consciousness toward the significance of nutrition in maintaining overall health and well-being. This heightened awareness extends beyond general dietary considerations to encompass the therapeutic potential of nutrition in managing various health conditions. In France, as elsewhere, this burgeoning awareness of nutritional therapies is emerging as a significant catalyst for the growth of the clinical nutrition market.

The dissemination of information through various channels, including social media, health publications, and educational campaigns, has empowered individuals to take a proactive approach to their health. As people become more aware of the profound impact of nutrition on their well-being, there is a growing interest in exploring nutritional therapies as a means of preventing and managing health issues. This newfound awareness is a driving force behind the increased demand for clinical nutrition products in France.

A fundamental shift is occurring in the perception of nutrition, with a recognition that it is not merely a component of diet but a powerful tool for preventive healthcare. The awareness that certain nutritional interventions can help prevent chronic diseases, boost immune function, and improve overall health has led individuals to seek out specialized nutritional solutions. This paradigm shift is fostering a conducive environment for the growth of the clinical nutrition market.

As awareness grows, individuals are acknowledging the integral role of nutrition in managing specific health conditions. Clinical nutrition, with its focus on tailored nutritional interventions, has gained prominence as a complementary approach to traditional medical treatments. The understanding that nutrition can influence the course of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and gastrointestinal issues is propelling the demand for targeted clinical nutrition solutions.

The awareness of nutritional therapies has fueled a surge in consumer interest in functional foods—products that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Clinical nutrition companies are responding by developing and marketing functional foods that address specific health concerns. These products, enriched with bioactive compounds, probiotics, and other health-promoting ingredients, cater to the discerning consumer seeking proactive health solutions.

Media, including influencers and celebrities, play a significant role in shaping public perception. Endorsements and discussions around the benefits of nutritional therapies by well-known personalities contribute to the mainstream acceptance of clinical nutrition. This, in turn, expands the market reach as more individuals become inspired to incorporate specialized nutrition into their lifestyle.

Shift towards Home Healthcare

The landscape of healthcare is undergoing a profound transformation with a significant shift towards home-based care. In France, as in many developed nations, there is a growing recognition of the advantages of providing healthcare services in the comfort of one's home. This shift holds particular promise for the clinical nutrition market, offering new opportunities for growth as nutritional interventions become an integral part of home healthcare strategies.

The shift towards home healthcare is driven by a desire to enhance patient comfort and convenience. For individuals requiring clinical nutrition support, receiving care at home eliminates the need for frequent hospital visits. This newfound convenience encourages patients to adhere to prescribed nutritional interventions, boosting the demand for clinical nutrition products that can be administered in a home setting.

Technological advancements have facilitated the development of sophisticated enteral and parenteral nutrition delivery systems. These systems allow for the safe and effective administration of clinical nutrition outside traditional healthcare facilities. The availability of user-friendly devices and intuitive systems makes it easier for patients and caregivers to manage nutritional interventions at home, further supporting the growth of the clinical nutrition market.

Home healthcare is often viewed as a cost-effective alternative to hospital-based care. As healthcare systems seek ways to optimize resources and reduce hospitalization costs, home-based clinical nutrition interventions become an attractive option. This cost-effectiveness encourages healthcare providers to incorporate clinical nutrition into home healthcare plans, driving the market for specialized nutritional products.

The shift towards home healthcare is empowering patients and their caregivers to actively participate in the management of health conditions. Individuals receiving clinical nutrition at home gain a sense of control over their treatment, fostering a more patient-centric approach. This empowerment contributes to better adherence to nutritional therapies, promoting the utilization of clinical nutrition products in the home healthcare setting.

Recognizing the growing trend towards home healthcare, clinical nutrition companies are developing products specifically tailored for home use. Ready-to-use enteral nutrition formulas, oral nutritional supplements, and other convenient formats are designed to meet the unique needs of patients receiving care outside of traditional healthcare institutions. These home-friendly solutions cater to the evolving demands of the market.



Download Free Sample Report

 

Key Market Challenges

Reimbursement Issues

Reimbursement policies for clinical nutrition products can be a challenge, affecting both patients and healthcare providers. Inconsistent reimbursement practices may limit access to specialized nutrition interventions, making it difficult for certain patient groups to afford essential clinical nutrition products. Addressing reimbursement challenges is crucial for ensuring widespread access to these critical healthcare solutions.

Changing Healthcare Delivery Models

The evolving landscape of healthcare delivery, including the shift towards home healthcare, presents challenges and opportunities. While the home healthcare trend can boost demand, it also requires adjustments in product formats, delivery systems, and patient education. Adapting to these changes while maintaining product efficacy is a delicate balance that market participants must navigate.

Complex Patient Profiles

Patients requiring clinical nutrition often have complex health profiles, including multiple comorbidities and unique nutritional needs. Tailoring nutritional interventions to these diverse profiles requires a nuanced approach and may pose challenges in developing universally applicable clinical nutrition solutions. The market must continually invest in research to understand and address the intricacies of diverse patient populations.

Key Market Trends

Personalized Nutrition Solutions

One of the most significant trends in the clinical nutrition market is the move towards personalized nutrition. Leveraging advancements in genetic profiling and metabolomics, companies are increasingly developing tailored clinical nutrition products that address the unique needs of individual patients. This trend is expected to revolutionize how nutritional interventions are prescribed, optimizing outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Nutrigenomics and Personalized Diets

Nutrigenomics, the study of how individual genetic variations influence responses to nutrients, is gaining prominence in the clinical nutrition market. The integration of genetic data into nutritional interventions allows for the creation of personalized diets that align with an individual's genetic makeup. This trend holds promise for optimizing the efficacy of clinical nutrition in managing and preventing diseases.

Focus on Gut Health

The connection between gut health and overall well-being is increasingly recognized. Consequently, clinical nutrition products with a focus on promoting a healthy gut microbiome are gaining traction. Probiotics, prebiotics, and other bioactive compounds are being incorporated into formulations to support digestive health, immune function, and even mental well-being.

Segmental Insights

Application Insights

Based on Application, Metabolic Disorders are poised to dominate the Clinical Nutrition Market in France due to a confluence of factors that underscore their prevalence and the growing awareness surrounding these conditions. With an increasing incidence of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and obesity, the demand for specialized nutritional solutions tailored to address metabolic disorders is on the rise. The French healthcare landscape is witnessing a paradigm shift towards preventive care, and nutritional interventions play a pivotal role in managing and mitigating the impact of metabolic disorders. Furthermore, advancements in research and development have led to the formulation of innovative nutritional products specifically designed to support individuals with metabolic challenges. As the French population becomes more health-conscious and seeks proactive measures to prevent and manage metabolic disorders, the Clinical Nutrition Market is expected to experience a significant surge in demand for products addressing these conditions, positioning metabolic disorder applications at the forefront of market growth.

End User Insights

Based on End User, the dominance of the Infant & Child segment in the Clinical Nutrition Market in France can be attributed to several key factors reflecting the country's evolving healthcare landscape. Firstly, there is a growing emphasis on early childhood nutrition, with increased awareness among parents and caregivers about the long-term impact of nutrition on a child's health and development. The French healthcare system places a strong emphasis on preventive care, and as a result, there is a rising demand for specialized nutritional products catering to the unique needs of infants and children. Additionally, ongoing advancements in pediatric nutrition research have led to the development of innovative and scientifically backed formulations, further bolstering the appeal of clinical nutrition products for this demographic. As parents increasingly seek high-quality nutritional solutions to support their children's growth and well-being, the Infant & Child segment is poised to dominate the Clinical Nutrition Market in France, reflecting a broader societal focus on early nutritional interventions for lifelong health benefits.


Download Free Sample Report

Regional Insights

Northern France is poised to dominate the Clinical Nutrition Market in the country owing to a convergence of strategic advantages. The region's robust infrastructure, including state-of-the-art healthcare facilities and research institutions, positions it as a hub for innovation and development in the field of clinical nutrition. Additionally, Northern France's proximity to major ports and logistical networks facilitates efficient distribution and supply chain management, ensuring timely and widespread availability of clinical nutrition products. The region's strong economic base and support for research and development initiatives contribute to the creation of cutting-edge nutritional solutions, thereby attracting both domestic and international players. Furthermore, the population's health-conscious mindset in Northern France, coupled with a growing awareness of the role of clinical nutrition in preventive healthcare, drives the demand for specialized products. As a result, the confluence of infrastructure, economic strength, and a health-focused populace makes Northern France a key player in shaping the landscape of the Clinical Nutrition Market in the country.

Key Market Players

  • Nestlé France
  • Danone SA/France
  • Abbott France S.A.S.
  • Fresenius Kabi France
  • Otsuka Pharmaceutical France SAS
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • B. Braun Medical
  • BASF France SAS
  • Lonza France
  • Pfizer

 By Route of Administration

By Nutrition Type

By Application

By End User

By Substrates

By Region

  • Oral
  • Intravenous
  • Enteral Nutrition
  • Parenteral Nutrition
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Eating Disorders
  • Stages of Development and Recovery
  • Others
  • Infant & Child
  • Adults
  • Geriatrics
  • Energy
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins & amino acids
  • Water & electrolyte
  • Dietary fiber
  • Antioxidants
  • Northern France
  • Southern France
  • Western France
  • Central France
  • Eastern France
  • Southwestern France

 

Report Scope:

In this report, the France Clinical Nutrition Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By Route of Administration:

o   Oral

o   Intravenous

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By Nutrition Type:

o   Enteral Nutrition

o   Parenteral Nutrition

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By Application:

o   Metabolic Disorders

o   Eating Disorders

o   Stages of Development and Recovery

o   Others

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By End User:

o   Infant & Child

o   Adults

o   Geriatrics

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By Substrates:

o   Energy

o   Carbohydrates

o   Lipids

o   Proteins & amino acids

o   Water & electrolyte

o   Dietary fiber

o   Antioxidants

  • France Clinical Nutrition Market, By Region:

o   Northern France

o   Southern France

o   Western France

o   Central France

o   Eastern France

o   Southwestern France

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the France Clinical Nutrition Market.

Available Customizations:

France Clinical Nutrition market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

France Clinical Nutrition Market is an upcoming report to be released soon. If you wish an early delivery of this report or want to confirm the date of release, please contact us at [email protected]

Table of content

1.    Product Overview

1.1.  Market Definition

1.2.  Scope of the Market

1.2.1.    Markets Covered

1.2.2.    Years Considered for Study

1.2.3.    Key Market Segmentations

2.    Research Methodology

2.1.  Objective of the Study

2.2.  Baseline Methodology

2.3.  Key Industry Partners

2.4.  Major Association and Secondary Sources

2.5.  Forecasting Methodology

2.6.  Data Triangulation & Validation

2.7.  Assumptions and Limitations

3.    Executive Summary

3.1.  Overview of the Market

3.2.  Overview of Key Market Segmentations

3.3.  Overview of Key Market Players

3.4.  Overview of Key Regions/Countries

3.5.  Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4.    Voice of Customer

5.    France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

5.1.  Market Size & Forecast

5.1.1.    By Value

5.2.  Market Share & Forecast

5.2.1.    By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

5.2.2.    By Nutrition Type

5.2.2.1.        Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

5.2.2.2.        Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

5.2.3.    By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

5.2.4.    By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

5.2.5.    By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

5.2.6.    By Region

5.2.7.    By Company (2022)

5.3.  Market Map

5.3.1. By Route of Administration

5.3.2. By Nutrition Type

5.3.3. By Application

5.3.4. By End User

5.3.5. By Substrates

5.3.6. By Region

6.    Northern France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

6.1.  Market Size & Forecast       

6.1.1.    By Value

6.2.  Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1.    By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

6.2.2.    By Nutrition Type

6.2.2.1.        Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

6.2.2.2.        Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

6.2.3.    By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

6.2.4.    By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

6.2.5.    By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

7.    Southern France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

7.1.  Market Size & Forecast       

7.1.1.    By Value

7.2.  Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.    By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

7.2.2.    By Nutrition Type

7.2.2.1.        Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

7.2.2.2.        Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

7.2.3.    By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

7.2.4.    By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

7.2.5.    By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

8.    Western France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

8.1.  Market Size & Forecast       

8.1.1.    By Value

8.2.  Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1.    By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

8.2.2.    By Nutrition Type

8.2.2.1.        Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

8.2.2.2.        Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

8.2.3.    By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

8.2.4.    By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

8.2.5.    By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

9.    Central France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

9.1.  Market Size & Forecast       

9.1.1.    By Value

9.2.  Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1.    By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

9.2.2.    By Nutrition Type

9.2.2.1.        Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

9.2.2.2.        Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

9.2.3.    By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

9.2.4.    By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

9.2.5.    By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

10. Eastern France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

10.1.             Market Size & Forecast        

10.1.1. By Value

10.2.             Market Share & Forecast

10.2.1. By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

10.2.2. By Nutrition Type

10.2.2.1.     Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

10.2.2.2.     Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

10.2.3. By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

10.2.4. By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

10.2.5. By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

11. Southwestern France Clinical Nutrition Market Outlook

11.1.             Market Size & Forecast        

11.1.1. By Value

11.2.             Market Share & Forecast

11.2.1. By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous)

11.2.2. By Nutrition Type

11.2.2.1.     Enteral Nutrition (Oral Nutrition Supplements, Tube Feeding)

11.2.2.2.     Parental Nutrition (Supplemental Parenteral nutrition, Total Parenteral Nutrition; All-in-one system, Multiple bottle system)

11.2.3. By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others)

11.2.4. By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics)

11.2.5. By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants)

12. Market Dynamics

12.1.             Drivers

12.2.             Challenges

13. Market Trends & Developments

13.1.             Recent Developments

13.2.             Mergers & Acquisitions

13.3.             Product Launches

14. Policy & Regulatory Landscape

15. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

15.1.             Competition in the Industry

15.2.             Potential of New Entrants

15.3.             Power of Suppliers

15.4.             Power of Customers

15.5.             Threat of Substitute Products

16. France Economic Profile

17. Competitive Landscape

17.1.             Business Overview

17.2.             Product Offerings

17.3.             Recent Developments

17.4.             Financials (As Reported)

17.5.             Key Personnel

17.6.             SWOT Analysis

17.6.1.  Nestlé France

17.6.2.  Danone SA/France

17.6.3.  Abbott France S.A.S.

17.6.4.  Fresenius Kabi France

17.6.5.  Otsuka Pharmaceutical France SAS

17.6.6.  Baxter International Inc.

17.6.7.  B. Braun Medical

17.6.8.  BASF France SAS

17.6.9.  Lonza France

17.6.10.                Pfizer

18. Strategic Recommendations

Figures and Tables

Frequently asked questions

down-arrow

The market size of the France Clinical Nutrition Market was estimated to be USD 2.67 billion in 2022.

down-arrow

Nestlé France, Danone SA/France, Abbott France S.A.S., Fresenius Kabi France, Otsuka Pharmaceutical France SAS, Baxter International Inc., B. Braun Medical, BASF France SAS, Lonza France, Pfizer are some of the key players operating in the France Clinical Nutrition Market.

down-arrow

Reimbursement issues, changing healthcare delivery models, competitive market dynamics, are some of the major challenges faced by the France Clinical Nutrition Market in the upcoming years.

down-arrow

Rising aging population and increasing incidence of chronic diseases are the major drivers for the France Clinical Nutrition Market.

profile

Sakshi Bajaal

Business Consultant
Press Release

France Clinical Nutrition Market to Grow with a CAGR of 7.78% through 2028

Nov, 2023

Increasing incidence of chronic diseases and shift towards home healthcare are expected to drive the France Clinical Nutrition Market growth in the forecast period, 2024-2028.