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Report Description

Report Description

Global Automotive Liftgate market is expected to grow significantly during the upcoming years. The growth in the global automotive liftgate market is due to the rise in luxury vehicle sales and consumers’ shifting focus towards more comfort and features. Consumers are preferring more automatic features in vehicles rather than manually operating them. The market is also growing due to the innovation and upgradation done in automobiles. The rising adoption of electric and autonomous vehicles has also driven the growth of the automotive liftgate market.

Recent Developments in Autonomous Vehicles.

Magna International Inc, a Canada mobility technology provider for automakers, received the 2020 Automotive News PACE Award in April 2020 for the development of its composite space frame liftgate reinforcement solution. Toyota Supra car model uses this automotive liftgate. It is 10% lighter than steel.

Magna International Inc. introduced a thermoplastic automotive liftgate for use in Fiat Chrysler Automobiles’ Jeep Cherokee SUV in 2019. Automotive Liftgate is used in the production of critical parts integration with perfect tethering attachments.

Brose Fahrzeugteile has begun production of new automotive liftgates for the Escape SUV model, which includes sensors like the Wii sensor bar with the vehicle's rear bumper at bumper level. A kicking motion is required to open or close the door.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted supply chain and resulted in a shortage of microchips required for the development of hands-free power liftgates. Several automobile manufacturers experienced a shortage of electronic components and limited inventory, causing vehicle production to be delayed. Vehicle manufacturers have been forced to remove features such as automotive liftgates due to a shortage of electronic components such as   microchip issue.

Increasing Demand for Luxury Vehicles

With the increasing disposable income of the global population, the consumer inclination towards purchasing luxury cars is also increasing, causing automobile manufacturers to provide distinguishing features from other models. Furthermore, the growing demand for self-driving vehicles is driving up the demand for automatic liftgates. Furthermore, increased consumer comfort and a dependable driving experience are boosting the global automotive liftgate market.

High Demand for Advanced Technology

The phenomenal growth of the automobile sector is likely to have an impact on the global automotive liftgate market. With the introduction of several innovations and technological upgrades in the automotive sector, such as hands-free regulation of back doors, the global automotive power liftgate market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. In addition, insurance companies offer discounts on insurance premiums for vehicles equipped with cutting-edge technology. This factor is most likely to bode well for the market in the future. Several original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are aiming to introduce high-end technologies in various types of vehicles, which is likely to broaden the scope of growth in the global automotive power liftgate market.

High Cost and Lack of Skilled Workforce

The lack of skilled workforce, as well as component reliability issues and high-cost configuration for the development of power liftgates, may limit market revenue growth. Sensors, actuators, and other electronic units are assembled in a single unit, resulting in a higher price, which raises the product's manufacturing cost. The irregular maintenance and poor handling degrade the quality of the sensing mechanism.


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Market Segmentation

The Global Automotive Liftgate Market is segmented by vehicle type, by type, by material type and by region. Based on vehicle type, the market is segmented into passenger car and light commercial vehicle. based on type, the market is segmented into manual and automatic. Based on the material type, the market is divided into metal and composite. The market analysis also studies the regional segmentation, divided among Asia-Pacific, Europe &CIS, North America, South America, Middle East & Africa.

Company Profiles

       Magna International, Inc., Stabilus GmbH, Continental AG, Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. KG, Huf Hülsbeck & Fürst GmbH & Co. KG., Strattec Security Corporation, Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd., HI-LEX Corporation, VOXX Electronics Corp, Faurecia SE are the key players developing advanced technologies to stay competitive in the market and enhancing their product portfolio in the regions to increase their customer outreach and be future ready.


Attribute

Details

Base Year

2022

Historical Years

2018 – 2021

Estimated Year

2023

Forecast Period

2024 – 2028

Quantitative Units

Revenue in USD Billion, Volume in Units, and CAGR for 2018-2022 and 2023-2028

Report Coverage

Revenue forecast, volume forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends

Segments Covered

By Vehicle Type

By Type

By Material Type

Regional Scope

Asia-Pacific, Europe &CIS, North America, Middle East & Africa, South America

Country Scope

United States, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia.

Key Companies Profiled

Magna International, Inc., Stabilus GmbH, Continental AG, Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. KG, Huf Hülsbeck & Fürst GmbH & Co. KG., Strattec Security Corporation, Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd., HI-LEX Corporation, VOXX Electronics Corp, Faurecia SE

Customization Scope

10% free report customization with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope.

Pricing and Purchase Options

Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options

Delivery Format

PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/pdf format on special request)

 

Report Scope:

In this report, Global Automotive Liftgate Market has been segmented into following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

·         Automotive Liftgate Market, By Vehicle Type:

o   Passenger Car

o   Light Commercial Vehicle

  • Automotive Liftgate Market, By Type:

o   Manual

o   Automatic

·         Automotive Liftgate Market, By Material Type:

    • Metal
    • Composite
  • Automotive Liftgate Market, By Region:
    • Asia-Pacific
      • China
      • India
      • Japan
      • South Korea
      • Malaysia
      • Indonesia
      • Thailand
    • Europe & CIS
      • Germany
      • Russia
      • France
      • Spain
      • Italy
      • United Kingdom
      • Switzerland
      • Netherlands
      • Austria
    • North America
      • United States
      • Canada
      • Mexico
    • South America
      • Argentina
      • Brazil
      • Colombia
    • Middle East and Africa
      • South Africa
      • Saudi Arabia
      • United Arab Emirates

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Automotive Liftgate Market.

Available Customizations:

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company’s specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
Table of content

Table of content

1.    Introduction

1.1.  Market Overview

1.2.  Key Highlights of the Report

1.3.  Market Coverage

1.4.  Market Segments Covered

1.5.  Research Tenure Considered

2.    Research Methodology

2.1.  Objective of the Study

2.2.  Baseline Methodology

2.3.  Key Industry Partners

2.4.  Major Association and Secondary Sources

2.5.  Forecasting Methodology

2.6.  Data Triangulation & Validation

2.7.  Assumptions and Limitations

3.    Executive Summary         

3.1.  Market Overview

3.2.  Market Forecast

3.3.  Key Regions

3.4.  Key Segments

4.    Impact of COVID-19 on Global Automotive Liftgate Market

4.1.  Impact Assessment Model

4.1.1.     Key Segments Impacted

4.1.2.     Key Regions Impacted

4.1.3.     Key Countries Impacted

5.    Voice of Customers Analysis

5.1.  Factors Influencing Purchase Decision

5.2.  Brand Awareness

5.3.  Brand Satisfaction Level

6.    Global Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

6.1.  Market Size & Forecast

6.1.1.     By Volume

6.1.2.     By Value

6.2.  Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1.     By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis (Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle)

6.2.2.     By Type Market Share Analysis (Manual, Automatic)

6.2.3.     By Material Type Market Share Analysis (Metal and Composite)

6.2.4.     By Region Market Share Analysis

6.2.5.     By Company Market Share Analysis (By Value, 2022)

6.3.  Global Automotive Liftgate Market Mapping & Opportunity

6.3.1.     By Vehicle Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6.3.2.     By Type Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6.3.3.     By Material Type Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6.3.4.     By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

7.    Asia-Pacific Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.1.  Market Size & Forecast

7.1.1.     By Volume

7.1.2.     By Value

7.2.  Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.     By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.2.2.     By Type Market Share Analysis

7.2.3.     By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.2.4.     By Country Market Share Analysis

7.3.  Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis

7.3.1.     China Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.1.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.1.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.1.1.2.             By Value

7.3.1.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.1.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.1.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.1.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.2.     Japan Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.2.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.2.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.2.1.2.             By Value

7.3.2.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.2.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.2.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.2.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.3.     India Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.3.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.3.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.3.1.2.             By Value

7.3.3.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.3.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.3.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.3.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.4.     South Korea Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.4.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.4.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.4.1.2.             By Value

7.3.4.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.4.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.4.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.4.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.5.     Thailand Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.5.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.5.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.5.1.2.             By Value

7.3.5.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.5.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.5.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.5.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.6.     Indonesia Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.6.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.6.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.6.1.2.             By Value

7.3.6.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.6.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.6.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.6.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.7.     Malaysia Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

7.3.7.1.         Market Size & Forecast

7.3.7.1.1.             By Volume

7.3.7.1.2.             By Value

7.3.7.2.         Market Share & Forecast

7.3.7.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.7.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

7.3.7.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.    Europe & CIS Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.1.  Market Share & Forecast

8.1.1.     By Volume

8.1.2.     By Value

8.2.  Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1.     By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.2.2.     By Type Market Share Analysis

8.2.3.     By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.2.4.     By Country Market Share Analysis

8.3.  Europe & CIS: Country Analysis

8.3.1.     Germany Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.1.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.1.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.1.1.2.             By Value

8.3.1.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.1.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.1.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.1.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.2.     Russia Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.2.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.2.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.2.1.2.             By Value

8.3.2.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.2.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.2.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.2.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.3.     France Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.3.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.3.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.3.1.2.             By Value

8.3.3.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.3.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.3.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.3.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.4.     Spain Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.4.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.4.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.4.1.2.             By Value

8.3.4.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.4.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.4.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.4.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.5.     Italy Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.5.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.5.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.5.1.2.             By Value

8.3.5.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.5.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.5.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.5.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.6.     United Kingdom Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.6.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.6.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.6.1.2.             By Value

8.3.6.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.6.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.6.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.6.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.7.     Switzerland Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.7.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.7.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.7.1.2.             By Value

8.3.7.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.7.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.7.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.7.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.8.     Netherlands Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.8.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.8.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.8.1.2.             By Value

8.3.8.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.8.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.8.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.8.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.9.     Austria Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

8.3.9.1.         Market Size & Forecast

8.3.9.1.1.             By Volume

8.3.9.1.2.             By Value

8.3.9.2.         Market Share & Forecast

8.3.9.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.9.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

8.3.9.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

9.    North America Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

9.1.  Market Size & Forecast

9.1.1.     By Volume

9.1.2.     By Value

9.2.  Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1.     By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

9.2.2.     By Type Market Share Analysis

9.2.3.     By Material Type Market Share Analysis

9.2.4.     By Country Market Share Analysis

9.3.  North America: Country Analysis

9.3.1.     USA Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

9.3.1.1.         Market Size & Forecast

9.3.1.1.1.             By Volume

9.3.1.1.2.             By Value

9.3.1.2.         Market Share & Forecast

9.3.1.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.1.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.1.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.2.     Canada Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

9.3.2.1.         Market Size & Forecast

9.3.2.1.1.             By Volume

9.3.2.1.2.             By Value

9.3.2.2.         Market Share & Forecast

9.3.2.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.2.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.2.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.3.     Mexico Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

9.3.3.1.         Market Size & Forecast

9.3.3.1.1.             By Volume

9.3.3.1.2.             By Value

9.3.3.2.         Market Share & Forecast

9.3.3.2.1.             By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.3.2.2.             By Type Market Share Analysis

9.3.3.2.3.             By Material Type Market Share Analysis

10.  Middle East and Africa Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

10.1.              Market Size & Forecast

10.1.1.  By Volume

10.1.2.  By Value

10.2.              Market Share & Forecast

10.2.1.  By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

10.2.2.  By Type Market Share Analysis

10.2.3.  By Material Type Market Share Analysis

10.2.4.  By Country Market Share Analysis

10.3.              Middle East and Africa: Country Analysis

10.3.1.  Saudi Arabia Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

10.3.1.1.      Market Size & Forecast

10.3.1.1.1.           By Volume

10.3.1.1.2.           By Value

10.3.1.2.      Market Share & Forecast

10.3.1.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.1.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.1.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.2.  South Africa Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

10.3.2.1.      Market Size & Forecast

10.3.2.1.1.           By Volume

10.3.2.1.2.           By Value

10.3.2.2.      Market Share & Forecast

10.3.2.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.2.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.2.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.3.  United Arab Emirates Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

10.3.3.1.      Market Size & Forecast

10.3.3.1.1.           By Volume

10.3.3.1.2.           By Value

10.3.3.2.      Market Share & Forecast

10.3.3.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.3.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

10.3.3.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

11.  South America Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

11.1.              Market Size & Forecast

11.1.1.  By Volume

11.1.2.  By Value

11.2.              Market Share & Forecast

11.2.1.  By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

11.2.2.  By Type Market Share Analysis

11.2.3.  By Material Type Market Share Analysis

11.2.4.  By Country Market Share Analysis

11.3.              South America: Country Analysis

11.3.1.  Brazil Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

11.3.1.1.      Market Size & Forecast

11.3.1.1.1.           By Volume

11.3.1.1.2.           By Value

11.3.1.2.      Market Share & Forecast

11.3.1.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.1.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.1.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.2.  Argentina Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

11.3.2.1.      Market Size & Forecast

11.3.2.1.1.           By Volume

11.3.2.1.2.           By Value

11.3.2.2.      Market Share & Forecast

11.3.2.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.2.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.2.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.3.  Colombia Automotive Liftgate Market Outlook

11.3.3.1.      Market Size & Forecast

11.3.3.1.1.           By Volume

11.3.3.1.2.           By Value

11.3.3.2.      Market Share & Forecast

11.3.3.2.1.           By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.3.2.2.           By Type Market Share Analysis

11.3.3.2.3.           By Material Type Market Share Analysis

12.  Market Dynamics

12.1.              Market Drivers

12.2.              Market Challenges

13.  Market Trends and Developments

14.  Porter’s Five Forces Model

14.1.              Competitive Rivalry

14.2.              Bargaining Power of Buyers

14.3.              Bargaining Power of Suppliers

14.4.              Threat of New Entrants

14.5.              Threat of Substitutes

15.  Competitive Landscape

15.1.              Company Profiles

15.1.1.  Magna International Inc.

15.1.1.1.      Company Details

15.1.1.2.      Products & Services

15.1.1.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.1.4.      Recent Development

15.1.1.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.2.  Stabilus GmbH

15.1.2.1.      Company Details

15.1.2.2.      Products & Services

15.1.2.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.2.4.      Recent Development

15.1.2.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.3.  Continental AG

15.1.3.1.      Company Details

15.1.3.2.      Products & Services

15.1.3.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.3.4.      Recent Development

15.1.3.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.4.  Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. KG

15.1.4.1.      Company Details

15.1.4.2.      Products & Services

15.1.4.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.4.4.      Recent Development

15.1.4.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.5.  Huf Hulsbeck & Furst GmbH & Co.

15.1.5.1.      Company Details

15.1.5.2.      Products & Services

15.1.5.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.5.4.      Recent Development

15.1.5.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.6.  Strattec Security Corporation

15.1.6.1.      Company Details

15.1.6.2.      Products & Services

15.1.6.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.6.4.      Recent Development

15.1.6.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.7.  Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd.

15.1.7.1.      Company Details

15.1.7.2.      Products & Services

15.1.7.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.7.4.      Recent Development

15.1.7.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.8.  HI-LEX Corporation

15.1.8.1.      Company Details

15.1.8.2.      Products & Services

15.1.8.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.8.4.      Recent Development

15.1.8.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.9.  VOXX Electronics Corp

15.1.9.1.      Company Details

15.1.9.2.      Products & Services

15.1.9.3.      Financial (As Reported)

15.1.9.4.      Recent Development

15.1.9.5.      Key Management Personnel

15.1.10.   Faurecia SE

15.1.10.1.    Company Details

15.1.10.2.    Products & Services

15.1.10.3.    Financial (As Reported)

15.1.10.4.    Recent Development

15.1.10.5.    Key Management Personnel

16.  Strategic Recommendations

16.1.              Key Focus Areas

16.2.              Target Regions & Countries

16.3.              Target Type

17.  About Us & Disclaimer

Figures and Tables

Frequently asked questions

Frequently asked questions

The increasing luxury vehicle sales, rising adoption of electric and autonomous vehicle, shifting consumer preference towards more advanced features and innovation and advancement in automobiles are the factors driving the growth for Global Automotive Liftgate Market.

The demand for smart and autonomous liftgates, cutting-edge component technology, and automatic liftgates is increasing. The advancement of advanced technology and innovation in the automotive sector is one of the opportunities for the power liftgate industry. Aside from that, operating the vehicle through the Internet of Things (IoT) and other advanced technologies opens up opportunities in the automotive liftgate market.

The major players in the global automotive liftgate market are Magna International, Inc., Stabilus GmbH, Continental AG, Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. KG, Huf Hülsbeck & Fürst GmbH & Co. KG., Strattec Security Corporation, Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd., HI-LEX Corporation, VOXX Electronics Corp., Faurecia SE.

The global automotive liftgate market's expansion is affected by the risk of malfunction and high initial cost of installation in vehicles.

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